Pepper hybrid ps16364528

ABSTRACT

The invention provides seed and plants of pepper hybrid PS16364528 and the parent lines thereof. The invention thus relates to the plants, seeds and tissue cultures of pepper hybrid PS16364528 and the parent lines thereof, and to methods for producing a pepper plant produced by crossing such plants with themselves or with another pepper plant, such as a plant of another genotype. The invention further relates to seeds and plants produced by such crossing. The invention further relates to parts of such plants, including the fruit and gametes of such plants.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of plant breeding and, more specifically, to the development of pepper hybrid PS16364528 and the inbred pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The goal of vegetable breeding is to combine various desirable traits in a single variety/hybrid. Such desirable traits may include any trait deemed beneficial by a grower and/or consumer, including greater yield, resistance to insects or disease, tolerance to environmental stress, and nutritional value.

Breeding techniques take advantage of a plant's method of pollination. There are two general methods of pollination: a plant self-pollinates if pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant or plant variety. A plant cross-pollinates if pollen comes to it from a flower of a different plant variety.

Plants that have been self-pollinated and selected for type over many generations become homozygous at almost all gene loci and produce a uniform population of true breeding progeny, a homozygous plant. A cross between two such homozygous plants of different genotypes produces a uniform population of hybrid plants that are heterozygous for many gene loci. Conversely, a cross of two plants each heterozygous at a number of loci produces a population of hybrid plants that differ genetically and are not uniform. The resulting non-uniformity makes performance unpredictable.

The development of uniform varieties requires the development of homozygous inbred plants, the crossing of these inbred plants, and the evaluation of the crosses. Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection are examples of breeding methods that have been used to develop inbred plants from breeding populations. Those breeding methods combine the genetic backgrounds from two or more plants or various other broad-based sources into breeding pools from which new lines and hybrids derived therefrom are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes. The new lines and hybrids are evaluated to determine which of those have commercial potential.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention provides a pepper plant of the hybrid designated PS16364528, the pepper line SBR163-5039 or pepper line SBY163-5040. Also provided are pepper plants having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of such a plant. Parts of these pepper plants are also provided, for example, including pollen, an ovule, scion, a rootstock, a fruit, and a cell of the plant.

In another aspect of the invention, a plant of pepper hybrid PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040 comprising an added heritable trait is provided. The heritable trait may comprise a genetic locus that is, for example, a dominant or recessive allele. In one embodiment of the invention, a plant of pepper hybrid PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040 is defined as comprising a single locus conversion. In specific embodiments of the invention, an added genetic locus confers one or more traits such as, for example, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, disease resistance, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. In further embodiments, the trait may be conferred by a naturally occurring gene introduced into the genome of a line by backcrossing, a natural or induced mutation, or a transgene introduced through genetic transformation techniques into the plant or a progenitor of any previous generation thereof. When introduced through transformation, a genetic locus may comprise one or more genes integrated at a single chromosomal location.

The invention also concerns the seed of pepper hybrid PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040. The pepper seed of the invention may be provided as an essentially homogeneous population of pepper seed of pepper hybrid PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040. Essentially homogeneous populations of seed are generally free from substantial numbers of other seed. Therefore, seed of hybrid PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040 may be defined as forming at least about 97% of the total seed, including at least about 98%, 99% or more of the seed. The seed population may be separately grown to provide an essentially homogeneous population of pepper plants designated PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040.

In yet another aspect of the invention, a tissue culture of regenerable cells of a pepper plant of hybrid PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040 is provided. The tissue culture will preferably be capable of regenerating pepper plants capable of expressing all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the starting plant, and of regenerating plants having substantially the same genotype as the starting plant. Examples of some of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the hybrid PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040 include those traits set forth in the tables herein. The regenerable cells in such tissue cultures may be derived, for example, from embryos, meristems, cotyledons, pollen, leaves, anthers, roots, root tips, pistils, flowers, seed and stalks. Still further, the present invention provides pepper plants regenerated from a tissue culture of the invention, the plants having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of hybrid PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040.

In still yet another aspect of the invention, processes are provided for producing pepper seeds, plants and fruit, which processes generally comprise crossing a first parent pepper plant with a second parent pepper plant, wherein at least one of the first or second parent pepper plants is a plant of pepper line SBR163-5039 or pepper line SBY163-5040. These processes may be further exemplified as processes for preparing hybrid pepper seed or plants, wherein a first pepper plant is crossed with a second pepper plant of a different, distinct genotype to provide a hybrid that has, as one of its parents, a plant of pepper line SBR163-5039 or pepper line SBY163-5040. In these processes, crossing will result in the production of seed. The seed production occurs regardless of whether the seed is collected or not.

In one embodiment of the invention, the first step in “crossing” comprises planting seeds of a first and second parent pepper plant, often in proximity so that pollination will occur for example, mediated by insect vectors. Alternatively, pollen can be transferred manually. Where the plant is self-pollinated, pollination may occur without the need for direct human intervention other than plant cultivation.

A second step may comprise cultivating or growing the seeds of first and second parent pepper plants into plants that bear flowers. A third step may comprise preventing self-pollination of the plants, such as by emasculating the flowers (i.e., killing or removing the pollen).

A fourth step for a hybrid cross may comprise cross-pollination between the first and second parent pepper plants. Yet another step comprises harvesting the seeds from at least one of the parent pepper plants. The harvested seed can be grown to produce a pepper plant or hybrid pepper plant.

The present invention also provides the pepper seeds and plants produced by a process that comprises crossing a first parent pepper plant with a second parent pepper plant, wherein at least one of the first or second parent pepper plants is a plant of pepper hybrid PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040. In one embodiment of the invention, pepper seed and plants produced by the process are first generation (F₁) hybrid pepper seed and plants produced by crossing a plant in accordance with the invention with another, distinct plant. The present invention further contemplates plant parts of such an F₁ hybrid pepper plant, and methods of use thereof. Therefore, certain exemplary embodiments of the invention provide an F₁ hybrid pepper plant and seed thereof.

In still yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method of producing a plant derived from hybrid PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040, the method comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a progeny plant derived from hybrid PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040, wherein said preparing comprises crossing a plant of the hybrid PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040 with a second plant; and (b) crossing the progeny plant with itself or a second plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation. In further embodiments, the method may additionally comprise: (c) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a second plant; and repeating the steps for an additional 3-10 generations to produce a plant derived from hybrid PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040. The plant derived from hybrid PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040 may be an inbred line, and the aforementioned repeated crossing steps may be defined as comprising sufficient inbreeding to produce the inbred line. In the method, it may be desirable to select particular plants resulting from step (c) for continued crossing according to steps (b) and (c). By selecting plants having one or more desirable traits, a plant derived from hybrid PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040 is obtained which possesses some of the desirable traits of the line/hybrid as well as potentially other selected traits.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method of producing food or feed comprising: (a) obtaining a plant of pepper hybrid PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040, wherein the plant has been cultivated to maturity, and (b) collecting at least one pepper from the plant.

In still yet another aspect of the invention, the genetic complement of pepper hybrid PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040 is provided. The phrase “genetic complement” is used to refer to the aggregate of nucleotide sequences, the expression of which sequences defines the phenotype of, in the present case, a pepper plant, or a cell or tissue of that plant. A genetic complement thus represents the genetic makeup of a cell, tissue or plant, and a hybrid genetic complement represents the genetic make up of a hybrid cell, tissue or plant. The invention thus provides pepper plant cells that have a genetic complement in accordance with the pepper plant cells disclosed herein, and seeds and plants containing such cells.

Plant genetic complements may be assessed by genetic marker profiles, and by the expression of phenotypic traits that are characteristic of the expression of the genetic complement, e.g., isozyme typing profiles. It is understood that hybrid PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040 could be identified by any of the many well known techniques such as, for example, Simple Sequence Length Polymorphisms (SSLPs) (Williams et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 1 8:6531-6535, 1990), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Arbitrary Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) (EP 534 858, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) (Wang et al., Science, 280:1077-1082, 1998).

In still yet another aspect, the present invention provides hybrid genetic complements, as represented by pepper plant cells, tissues, plants, and seeds, formed by the combination of a haploid genetic complement of a pepper plant of the invention with a haploid genetic complement of a second pepper plant, preferably, another, distinct pepper plant. In another aspect, the present invention provides a pepper plant regenerated from a tissue culture that comprises a hybrid genetic complement of this invention.

Any embodiment discussed herein with respect to one aspect of the invention applies to other aspects of the invention as well, unless specifically noted.

The term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the standard deviation of the mean for the device or method being employed to determine the value. The use of the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive. When used in conjunction with the word “comprising” or other open language in the claims, the words “a” and “an” denote “one or more,” unless specifically noted otherwise. The terms “comprise,” “have” and “include” are open-ended linking verbs. Any forms or tenses of one or more of these verbs, such as “comprises,” “comprising,” “has,” “having,” “includes” and “including,” are also open-ended. For example, any method that “comprises,” “has” or “includes” one or more steps is not limited to possessing only those one or more steps and also covers other unlisted steps. Similarly, any plant that “comprises,” “has” or “includes” one or more traits is not limited to possessing only those one or more traits and covers other unlisted traits.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and any specific examples provided, while indicating specific embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides methods and compositions relating to plants, seeds and derivatives of pepper hybrid PS16364528, pepper line SBR163-5039 and pepper line SBY163-5040.

Hybrid PS16364528, also known as PISMO, is a bell pepper variety widely adapted to growing conditions in California. It has good performance along the Central Valley and in the Coachella Valley. The dense foliage cover protects the fruit from sunburn. The fruit size and yield are comparable to Double Up, but the fruit is generally more uniform, firmer, heavier with better quality at the green pick stage. Hybrid PS16364528 develops a compact plant with dense foliage cover and a concentrated set of medium green bell peppers with a high percentage of 4 lobed fruit. Hybrid PS16364528 is resistant to Tobamovirus (P0), Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria races 0-3,7,8, Pepper mottle virus, Potato virus Y (P0,1,1.2). PS16364528 also has intermediate resistance to Phytophthora capsici.

A. Origin and Breeding History of Pepper Hybrid PS16364528

The parents of hybrid PS16364528 are SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040. These parents were created as follows:

SBR163-5039 develops a medium sized plant that produces medium to large, blocky, firm fruit. The length/diameter ratio is from 1.0-1.1. The fruit matures from a medium green to red and locule number varies with the majority of the fruit having between 3 and 4 locules. The anthers of the flower are sulphur yellow indicating that the line is anthocyaninless. SBR163-5039 contains the L1 resistance gene conferring resistance to Tobamo virus (P0), the Bs2 resistance gene conferring resistance to bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria races 0-3,7,8), the pvr2-2 gene conferring resistance to Potato virus Y (pathotypes 0 and 1), and resistance to some strains of Tobacco etch virus (TEV). The line also has intermediate resistance to Phytophthora capsici.

SBR163-5039 was developed by pedigree selection from Seminis hybrid SVR 99 3 0411. This hybrid resulted from the cross between female “01LB 02728-M” and male “SBY-99-1179”.

The parent 01LB 02728-M is a green immature to red mature blocky bell pepper. The line is anthocyaninless and contains the L1 resistance gene conferring resistance to Tobamo virus (P0), the Bs2 resistance gene conferring resistance to bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria races 0-3,7,8), and the pvr2-2 gene conferring resistance to Potato virus Y (pathotypes 0 and 1), and some strains of Tobacco etch virus (TEV). The parent, “SBY-99-1179,” is a green immature to yellow mature blocky pepper that develops an anthocyaninless plant and contains the Bs2 resistance gene conferring resistance to bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria races 0-3,7,8) the L1 resistance gene conferring resistance to Tobamo virus (P0), and the pvr2-2 gene conferring resistance to Potato virus Y (pathotypes 0 and 1), and some strains of Tobacco etch virus (TEV). The line also has intermediate resistance to Phytophthora capsici.

SBR163-5039 differs from 01LB 02728-M in that has intermediate resistance to Phytophthora capsici and 01LB 02728-M does not. SBR163-5039 differs from SBY-99-1179 at least in that it has a mature fruit color of red and SBY-99-1179 has a mature fruit color of yellow.

The crossing and selections were made as follows:

-   February—Year 1: Breeders produced the hybrid SVR 99 3 0411 from     parents using ‘01LB 02728-M’ as the female (the “seed parent”) and     SBY-99-1179 as the male (the “pollen parent”) at the Seminis     Research Station, San Quintin, Baja Calif., Mexico. -   January—Year 2: Planted the F₁ hybrid, SVR 99 3 0411. The hybrid was     bulked. -   August—Year 2: Planted the F₂ line. Selections were made. -   March—Year 3: Planted the F₃ line. In pathology tests, the line had     intermediate resistance to Phytophthora capsici. Selections with red     mature fruit color were made -   September—Year 3: Planted F₄ inbred. In pathology tests, the line     had intermediate resistance to Phytophthora capsici. Also, the line     was segregating for the anthocyaninless trait. Selections with red     mature fruit color were made. -   March—Year 4: Planted F₅ inbred. In pathology tests, the line had     intermediate resistance to Phytophthora capsici. Also, the line was     segregating for the anthocyaninless trait. Selections with red     mature fruit color were made. -   September—Year 4: Planted F₆ inbred. Further pathology indicates     that the line was fixed for the resistance alleles at the Bs2 and L1     and pvr2-2 loci. Also, the line was segregating for the     anthocyaninless trait. Selections with red mature fruit color were     made. -   March—Year 5: Planted F₇ inbred. The line was found to be fixed for     the anthocyaninless trait. Selections were made. -   September—Year 5: Planted F₈ inbred. The line was judged to be     uniform and the plot was bulked. -   March—Year 6: The line was named SBR163-5039 and was submitted to     foundation seed for further increase.

SBR163-5039 has been observed as uniform and stable during the years 2008 through 2009, and it is within commercially acceptable limits. As is true with other sweet pepper inbreds, a small percentage of variants can occur within commercially acceptable limits for almost any characteristic during the course of repeated multiplication. However, no known variants were observed during the times that SBR163-5039 was observed in field or greenhouse trials.

SBY-163-5040 develops a small to medium sized plant that produces a good set of medium sized, smooth blocky, fruit. The leaves are broad and do not curl under dry conditions providing sun protection for the fruit. The fruit matures from medium green to yellow. The line is resistant to Pepper mottle virus and Potato virus Y (P0,1,1.2).

SBY-163-5040 was developed at the Seminis Breeding Stations in Felda, Fla. and Woodland, Calif. by pedigree selection from Clause Vegetable Seeds hybrid ‘Hercules.’

The F1 Hybrid ‘Hercules’ is a green to red blocky bell pepper developed by Clause Vegetable Seeds. Clause Vegetable Seeds claims resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus, pepper mild mottle virus (P1,2), and Potato Virus Y (P0,1,1.2). They claim intermediate resistance to Phytophthora capsici and Cucumber mosaic virus.

SBY-163-5040 differs from ‘Hercules’ in that its mature fruit color is yellow and the mature fruit color of ‘Hercules’ is red. SBY-163-5040 differs from ‘Hercules’ because it is susceptible to Phytophthora capsici and intermediate resistance is claimed for ‘Hercules.’ SBY163-5040 differs from ‘Hercules’ because it is susceptible to Cucumber mosaic virus and intermediate resistance is claimed for ‘Hercules.’

The selections were made as follows:

-   January—Year 2: F₂ seed was collected from the F₁ Hybrid,     ‘Hercules’. -   March—Year 2: Planted the F₂ generation of ‘Hercules.’ The line was     segregating for mature fruit color with red and yellow fruited     plants present. Selections were made. -   March—Year 3: Planted the F₃ line. The line was segregating for     mature fruit color with red and yellow fruited plants present.     Selections were made. -   September—Year 3: Planted F₄ inbred. The line was segregating for     mature fruit color with red and yellow fruited plants present. In a     pathology test the line was found to be completely susceptible to     Phytophthora capsici Also the line was fixed for the purple anther     trait. Selections were made. -   March—Year 4: Planted F₅ inbred. The line was segregating for mature     fruit color with red and yellow fruited plants present. In pathology     tests, the line was found fixed for resistance to Pepper mottle     virus and fixed for susceptibility to Cucumber mosaic virus. Two     yellow fruited selections were made. -   September—Year 4: Planted F₆ inbred. A single selection was made. -   March—Year 5: Planted F₇ inbred. A single selection was made. -   September—Year 5: Planted F₈ line. The line was judged to be uniform     and was bulked from this plot. -   March—Year 6: The line 07FC 75806-M was named SBY-163-5040 and was     submitted to foundation seed for further increase.

SBY-163-5040 has been observed as uniform and stable during the years 2007 through 2009, and it is within commercially acceptable limits. As is true with other sweet pepper inbreds, a small percentage of variants can occur within commercially acceptable limits for almost any characteristic during the course of repeated multiplication. However, no known variants were observed during the times that SBY-163-5040 was observed in field or greenhouse trials.

B. Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Pepper Hybrid PS16364528, Pepper Line SBR163-5039 and Pepper Line SBY163-5040

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a plant having the physiological and morphological characteristics of pepper hybrid PS16364528 and the parent lines thereof. A description of the physiological and morphological characteristics of such plants is presented in Tables 1-3.

TABLE 1 Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Hybrid PS16364528 Comparison Variety - Characteristic PX 16364528 Early Cal Wonder 1. Species C. annuum C. annuum 2. Maturity (in region of best adaptability) days from transplanting until 58 70 mature green stage days from transplanting until 90 96 mature red or yellow stage days from direct seeding until 77 109 mature green stage days from direct seeding until 129 134 mature red or yellow stage 3. Plant habit semi-spreading compact attitude upright/erect (De upright/erect Cayenne, Doux très long des Landes, Piquant d'Algérie) plant height 40 cm 48.1 cm plant width 44 cm 51.5 cm length of stem from cotyledon 12 cm 11.5 cm to first flower length of the third internode 68 mm 63.8 mm (from soil surface) length of stem short (Delphin, Trophy) medium shortened internode (in upper present (Fehér, absent part) Kalocsai 601, Kalocsai 702) number of internodes between more than three the first flower and the (Kalocsai 702) shortened internodes (varieties with shortened internodes only) stem: hairiness of nodes weak (Andevalo, absent or very weak Clovis) height short (Albaregia) medium basal branches few (2-3) few branch flexibility willowy (Cayenne rigid Long Red) stem strength (breakage intermediate intermediate resistance) 4. Leaf length of blade long (Cupido, Dolmy, medium Encore, Mazurka, Monte) width of blade broad (California medium wonder, Golden Calwonder, Seifor, Solario) width 82 mm 57.4 mm length 131 mm 107.5 mm petiole length 69 mm 45.8 mm color dark green light green color (RHS color chart) 137C 147A intensity of green color dark (Dolmy, Tinto) light mature leaf shape ovate (Balico, Sonar) ovate leaf and stem pubescence light absent undulation of margin weak (Doux très long absent des Landes) blistering strong (Greygo, PAZ weak pallagi) profile in cross section flat (De Cayenne, moderately concave Recio) glossiness strong (Andevalo, medium Floridor) 5. Flower peduncle: attitude semi-drooping erect (Blondy) flowers per leaf axil 1 1 calyx lobes 6 6.4 petals 6 6.6 diameter 25 mm 24.9 mm corolla color white white corolla throat markings yellow yellow anther color purple purple style length same as stamen same as stamen self-incompatibility absent absent 6. Fruit group Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) color (before maturity) green (California green Wonder, Lamuyo) intensity of color (before medium medium maturity) immature fruit color medium green medium green immature fruit color (RHS 143A 137A color chart) attitude/position horizontal (PAZ drooping/pendent szentesi, Vinedale) length long (Doux d'Espagne, medium Majister) diameter broad (Clovis, broad Lamuyo) ratio length/diameter very small medium (Liebesapfel, PAZ szentesi, Rotopa) calyx diameter 30.8 mm 30.3 mm fruit length 90 mm 72.5 mm fruit diameter at calyx 83 mm 69.2 mm attachment fruit diameter at mid-point 79 mm 74.3 mm flesh thickness at mid-point 8.5 mm 4.8 mm average number of fruits per 8.4 9.3 plant % large fruits 90 (weight range: 101 35.9 (weight range 120 to 220 g) to 179 g) % medium fruits 8 (weight range: 51 to 34.1 (weight range 60 to 100 g) 119 g) % small fruits 2 (weight range: 1 to 30.0 (weight range 1 to 50 g) 59 g) average fruit weight 174.3 gm 114.4 gm fruit shape (longitudinal square (Delphin, Yolo square section) Wonder) fruit shape (cross section, at quadrangular quadrangular level of placenta) sinuation of pericarp at basal absent or very weak very weak part (Delphin, Kalocsai V- 2, Milord) sinuation of pericarp absent or very weak very weak excluding basal part (Delphin, Milord) texture of surface smooth or very slightly smooth or very slightly wrinkled (Milord) wrinkled color (at maturity) red (Fehér, Lamuyo) red intensity of color (at maturity) dark dark mature fruit color red red mature fruit color (RHS color 46A 46A chart) glossiness strong (Doux italien, medium/moderate Trophy) stalk cavity present (Bingor, present Lamuyo) depth of stalk cavity deep (Osir, Quadrato medium d'Asti rosso, Surpas) pedicel length 37.2 mm 24.4 mm pedicel thickness 8.6 mm 6 mm pedicel shape curved curved pedicel cavity present present depth of pedicel cavity 21.6 mm 20.7 mm stalk: length medium (Fehér, Sonar) medium stalk: thickness medium (Doux italien, medium Surpas) base shape rounded cupped shape of apex very depressed (Kerala, very depressed Monte, Osir) shape Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) set concentrated scattered depth of interloculary grooves deep (Majister, Surpas) medium % fruits with three locules 13% 33% % fruits with four locules 74% 64% % fruits with five or more 13%  3% locules average number of locules 4 3.9 thickness of flesh thick (Andevalo, thick Bingor, Daniel, Topgirl) calyx: aspect non-enveloping/ non-enveloping/saucer- saucer-shaped shaped (Lamuyo, Sonar) pungency sweet sweet capsaicin in placenta absent (Sonar) absent flavor mild pepper flavor moderate glossiness shiny shiny 7. Seed seed cavity length 73.9 mm 49.3 mm seed cavity diameter 64.8 mm 55 mm placenta length 37.8 mm 23.1 mm number of seeds per fruit 254.3 80 grams per 1000 seeds 6 gm 6.6 gm color yellow yellow 8. Anthocyanin seedling hypocotyl moderate moderate stem absent absent coloration of nodes weak weak intensity of coloration of weak (California medium nodes wonder, Clio, Doux d'Espagne, Dous très long des Landes, Golden Calwonder) leaf absent absent pedicel absent absent calyx absent absent anther present (Lamuyo) present fruit coloration moderate present beginning of flowering (1^(st) early (Carré doux extra early flower on 2^(nd) flowering node) hâtif, Cupido, Fehér, Flaviano, Lito, Trophy) time of maturity early (Fehér, Lady Bell, medium Topgirl) *These are typical values. Values may vary due to environment. Other values that are substantially equivalent are also within the scope of the invention.

TABLE 2 Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Line SBR163-5039 Comparison Variety - Characteristic SBR163-5039 Early Cal Wonder 1. Species C. annuum C. annuum 2. Maturity (in region of best adaptability) days from transplanting until 66 70 mature green stage days from transplanting until 92 96 mature red or yellow stage days from direct seeding until 105 109 mature green stage days from direct seeding until 131 134 mature red or yellow stage 3. Plant habit semi-spreading compact attitude semi-upright/semi- upright/erect erect (Clovis, Sonar) plant height 54.6 cm 48.1 cm plant width 57 cm 51.5 cm length of stem from cotyledon 11 cm 11.5 cm to first flower length of the third internode 85.7 mm 63.8 mm (from soil surface) length of stem medium (Belsir, medium Lamuyo) shortened internode (in upper present (Fehér, absent part) Kalocsai 601, Kalocsai 702) number of internodes between more than three the first flower and the (Kalocsai 702) shortened internodes (varieties with shortened internodes only) stem: hairiness of nodes weak (Andevalo, absent or very weak Clovis) height medium (HRF) medium basal branches few (2-3) few branch flexibility willowy (Cayenne rigid Long Red) stem strength (breakage intermediate intermediate resistance) 4. Leaf length of blade long (Cupido, Dolmy, medium Encore, Mazurka, Monte) width of blade broad (California medium wonder, Golden Calwonder, Seifor, Solario) width 79.1 mm 57.4 mm length 125.8 mm 107.5 mm petiole length 66.2 mm 45.8 mm color medium green light green color (RHS color chart) 137A 147A intensity of green color medium (Doux très light long des Landes, Merit) mature leaf shape ovate (Balico, Sonar) ovate leaf and stem pubescence absent absent undulation of margin absent (De Cayenne) absent blistering medium (Merit) weak profile in cross section flat (De Cayenne, moderately concave Recio) glossiness weak (De Cayenne, medium Doux très long des Landes) 5. Flower peduncle: attitude semi-drooping erect (Blondy) flowers per leaf axil 1 1 calyx lobes 6 6.4 petals 6.2 6.6 diameter 24.4 mm 24.9 mm corolla color white white corolla throat markings yellow yellow anther color yellow purple style length same as stamen same as stamen self-incompatibility absent absent 6. Fruit group Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) color (before maturity) green (California green Wonder, Lamuyo) intensity of color (before medium medium maturity) immature fruit color medium green medium green immature fruit color (RHS 144A 137A color chart) attitude/position horizontal (PAZ drooping/pendent szentesi, Vinedale) length short (Delphin, Petit medium carré doux) diameter very broad (Floridor, broad Ibleor, Inca, Joly rosso, Quadrato d'Asti, Surpas) ratio length/diameter small (Bucano, medium Topgirl) calyx diameter 38.7 mm 30.3 mm fruit length 91.4 mm 72.5 mm fruit diameter at calyx 85.1 mm 69.2 mm attachment fruit diameter at mid-point 85.8 mm 74.3 mm flesh thickness at mid-point 7 mm 4.8 mm average number of fruits per 7.5 9.3 plant % large fruits 61 (weight range: 101 35.9 (weight range 120 to 200 g) to 179 g) % medium fruits 33 (weight range: 51 to 34.1 (weight range 60 to 100 g) 119 g) % small fruits 6 (weight range: 1 to 30.0 (weight range 1 to 50 g) 59 g) average fruit weight 124.4 gm 114.4 gm fruit shape (longitudinal square (Delphin, Yolo square section) Wonder) fruit shape (cross section, at quadrangular quadrangular level of placenta) sinuation of pericarp at basal absent or very weak very weak part (Delphin, Kalocsai V- 2, Milord) sinuation of pericarp absent or very weak very weak excluding basal part (Delphin, Milord) texture of surface smooth or very slightly smooth or very slightly wrinkled (Milord) wrinkled color (at maturity) red (Fehér, Lamuyo) red intensity of color (at maturity) medium dark mature fruit color red red mature fruit color (RHS color 42A 46A chart) glossiness medium/moderate medium/moderate (Carré doux extra hâtif, Lamuyo, Sonar) stalk cavity present (Bingor, present Lamuyo) depth of stalk cavity medium (Lamuyo, medium Magister) pedicel length 46.5 mm 24.4 mm pedicel thickness 15.9 mm 6 mm pedicel shape curved curved pedicel cavity present present depth of pedicel cavity 20.8 mm 20.7 mm stalk: length medium (Fehér, Sonar) medium stalk: thickness very thick (Domingo, medium Galaxy, Paraiso) base shape cupped cupped shape of apex very depressed (Kerala, very depressed Monte, Osir) shape Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) set concentrated scattered depth of interloculary grooves very shallow medium number of locules equally three and four predominantly four and (Lamuyo, Sonar) more % fruits with three locules 47% 33% % fruits with four locules 47% 64% % fruits with five or more  6%  3% locules average number of locules 3.6 3.9 thickness of flesh very thick (Dragox thick Roda, Regolo, Solario) calyx: aspect non-enveloping/ non-enveloping/saucer- saucer-shaped shaped (Lamuyo, Sonar) pungency sweet sweet capsaicin in placenta absent (Sonar) absent flavor mild pepper flavor moderate glossiness moderate shiny 7. Seed seed cavity length 66.6 mm 49.3 mm seed cavity diameter 59.4 mm 55 mm placenta length 36.5 mm 23.1 mm number of seeds per fruit 119 80 grams per 1000 seeds 5.9 gm 6.6 gm color yellow yellow 8. Anthocyanin seedling hypocotyl weak moderate stem absent absent coloration of nodes absent (Albaregia) weak leaf absent absent pedicel absent absent calyx absent absent anther absent (Danza) present fruit coloration moderate present beginning of flowering (1^(st) medium (Lamuyo, early flower on 2^(nd) flowering node) Latino) time of maturity medium (Lamuyo, medium Latino, Sonar) *These are typical values. Values may vary due to environment. Other values that are substantially equivalent are also within the scope of the invention.

TABLE 3 Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Line SBY163-5040 Comparison Variety - Characteristic SBY 163-5040 Early Cal Wonder 1. Species C. annuum C. annuum 2. Maturity (in region of best adaptability) days from transplanting until 55 70 mature green stage days from transplanting until 97 96 mature red or yellow stage days from direct seeding until 94 109 mature green stage days from direct seeding until 136 134 mature red or yellow stage 3. Plant habit semi-spreading compact attitude upright/erect (De upright/erect Cayenne, Doux très long des Landes, Piquant d'Algérie) plant height 42.7 cm 48.1 cm plant width 53.7 cm 51.5 cm length of stem from cotyledon 14.2 cm 11.5 cm to first flower length of the third internode 79.3 mm 63.8 mm (from soil surface) length of stem medium (Belsir, medium Lamuyo) shortened internode (in upper present (Fehér, absent part) Kalocsai 601, Kalocsai 702) number of internodes between more than three the first flower and the (Kalocsai 702) shortened internodes (varieties with shortened internodes only) stem: hairiness of nodes weak (Andevalo, absent or very weak Clovis) height medium (HRF) medium basal branches few (2-3) few branch flexibility willowy (Cayenne rigid Long Red) stem strength (breakage strong intermediate resistance) 4. Leaf length of blade long (Cupido, Dolmy, medium Encore, Mazurka, Monte) width of blade broad (California medium wonder, Golden Calwonder, Seifor, Solario) width 82.1 mm 57.4 mm length 125.4 mm 107.5 mm petiole length 81.6 mm 45.8 mm color light green light green color (RHS color chart) 147A 147A intensity of green color medium (Doux très light long des Landes, Merit) mature leaf shape ovate (Balico, Sonar) ovate leaf and stem pubescence moderate absent undulation of margin absent (De Cayenne) absent blistering strong (Greygo, PAZ weak pallagi) profile in cross section moderately concave moderately concave (Doux italien, Favolor) glossiness medium (Alby, Eolo) medium 5. Flower peduncle: attitude semi-drooping erect (Blondy) flowers per leaf axil 1 1 calyx lobes 8 6.4 petals 6.4 6.6 diameter 29.3 mm 24.9 mm corolla color white white corolla throat markings yellow yellow anther color purple purple style length same as stamen same as stamen self-incompatibility present absent 6. Fruit group Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) color (before maturity) green (California green Wonder, Lamuyo) intensity of color (before dark medium maturity) immature fruit color dark green medium green immature fruit color (RHS 137A 137A color chart) attitude/position erect/upright drooping/pendent (Kalocsai 601, Red Chili) length medium (Fehér, medium Lamuyo) diameter very broad (Floridor, broad Ibleor, Inca, Joly rosso, Quadrato d′Asti, Surpas) ratio length/diameter very small medium (Liebesapfel, PAZ szentesi, Rotopa) calyx diameter 34.5 mm 30.3 mm fruit length 86.3 mm 72.5 mm fruit diameter at calyx 82.8 mm 69.2 mm attachment fruit diameter at mid-point 89 mm 74.3 mm flesh thickness at mid-point 5.9 mm 4.8 mm average number of fruits per 9.2 9.3 plant % large fruits 29.80 (weight range: 35.9 (weight range 120 201 to 250 g) to 179 g) % medium fruits 52.80 (weight range: 34.1 (weight range 60 to 101 to 200 g) 119 g) % small fruits 17.40 (weight range: 1 30.0 (weight range 1 to to 100 g) 59 g) average fruit weight 164.5 gm 114.4 gm fruit shape (longitudinal square (Delphin, Yolo square section) Wonder) fruit shape (cross section, at quadrangular quadrangular level of placenta) sinuation of pericarp at basal absent or very weak very weak part (Delphin, Kalocsai V- 2, Milord) sinuation of pericarp absent or very weak very weak excluding basal part (Delphin, Milord) texture of surface smooth or very slightly smooth or very slightly wrinkled (Milord) wrinkled color (at maturity) yellow (Golden red Calwonder, Heldor) intensity of color (at maturity) dark dark mature fruit color orange-yellow red mature fruit color (RHS color 17A 46A chart) glossiness strong (Doux italien, medium/moderate Trophy) stalk cavity present (Bingor, present Lamuyo) depth of stalk cavity deep (Osir, Quadrato medium d′Asti rosso, Surpas) pedicel length 39.6 mm 24.4 mm pedicel thickness 8.5 mm 6 mm pedicel shape curved curved pedicel cavity present present depth of pedicel cavity 22.8 mm 20.7 mm stalk: length medium (Fehér, Sonar) medium stalk: thickness very thick (Domingo, medium Galaxy, Paraiso) base shape cupped cupped shape of apex moderately depressed very depressed (Quadrato a'Asti rosso) shape Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) set concentrated scattered depth of interloculary grooves medium (Clovis, medium Lamuyo, Marconi) number of locules predominantly four and predominantly four and more (Palio, PAZ more szentesi) % fruits with three locules 20% 33% % fruits with four locules 73% 64% % fruits with five or more  7%  3% locules average number of locules 3.8 3.9 thickness of flesh thick (Andevalo, thick Bingor, Daniel, Topgirl) calyx: aspect non-enveloping/ non-enveloping/saucer- saucer-shaped shaped (Lamuyo, Sonar) pungency sweet sweet capsaicin in placenta absent (Sonar) absent flavor strong pepper flavor moderate glossiness shiny shiny 7. Seed seed cavity length 73.4 mm 49.3 mm seed cavity diameter 72.1 mm 55 mm placenta length 36 mm 23.1 mm number of seeds per fruit 188 80 grams per 1000 seeds 5.6 gm 6.6 gm color yellow yellow 8. Anthocyanin seedling hypocotyl strong (Lamuyo) moderate stem absent absent coloration of nodes weak weak intensity of coloration of weak (California medium nodes wonder, Clio, Doux d'Espagne, Dous très long des Landes, Golden Calwonder) leaf absent absent pedicel absent absent calyx absent absent anther present (Lamuyo) present fruit coloration absent (Lamuyo) present beginning of flowering (1^(st) medium (Lamuyo, early flower on 2^(nd) flowering node) Latino) time of maturity medium (Lamuyo, medium Latino, Sonar) *These are typical values. Values may vary due to environment. Other values that are substantially equivalent are also within the scope of the invention.

C. Breeding Pepper Plants

One aspect of the current invention concerns methods for producing seed of pepper hybrid PS16364528 involving crossing pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040. Alternatively, in other embodiments of the invention, hybrid PS16364528, line SBR163-5039, or line SBY163-5040 may be crossed with itself or with any second plant. Such methods can be used for propagation of hybrid PS16364528 and/or the pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040, or can be used to produce plants that are derived from hybrid PS16364528 and/or the pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040. Plants derived from hybrid PS16364528 and/or the pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040 may be used, in certain embodiments, for the development of new pepper varieties.

The development of new varieties using one or more starting varieties is well known in the art. In accordance with the invention, novel varieties may be created by crossing hybrid PS16364528 followed by multiple generations of breeding according to such well known methods. New varieties may be created by crossing with any second plant. In selecting such a second plant to cross for the purpose of developing novel lines, it may be desired to choose those plants which either themselves exhibit one or more selected desirable characteristics or which exhibit the desired characteristic(s) when in hybrid combination. Once initial crosses have been made, inbreeding and selection take place to produce new varieties. For development of a uniform line, often five or more generations of selfing and selection are involved.

Uniform lines of new varieties may also be developed by way of double-haploids. This technique allows the creation of true breeding lines without the need for multiple generations of selfing and selection. In this manner true breeding lines can be produced in as little as one generation. Haploid embryos may be produced from microspores, pollen, anther cultures, or ovary cultures. The haploid embryos may then be doubled autonomously, or by chemical treatments (e.g. colchicine treatment). Alternatively, haploid embryos may be grown into haploid plants and treated to induce chromosome doubling. In either case, fertile homozygous plants are obtained. In accordance with the invention, any of such techniques may be used in connection with a plant of the invention and progeny thereof to achieve a homozygous line.

Backcrossing can also be used to improve an inbred plant. Backcrossing transfers a specific desirable trait from one inbred or non-inbred source to an inbred that lacks that trait. This can be accomplished, for example, by first crossing a superior inbred (A) (recurrent parent) to a donor inbred (non-recurrent parent), which carries the appropriate locus or loci for the trait in question. The progeny of this cross are then mated back to the superior recurrent parent (A) followed by selection in the resultant progeny for the desired trait to be transferred from the non-recurrent parent. After five or more backcross generations with selection for the desired trait, the progeny have the characteristic being transferred, but are like the superior parent for most or almost all other loci. The last backcross generation would be selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the trait being transferred.

The plants of the present invention are particularly well suited for the development of new lines based on the elite nature of the genetic background of the plants. In selecting a second plant to cross with PS16364528 and/or pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040 for the purpose of developing novel pepper lines, it will typically be preferred to choose those plants which either themselves exhibit one or more selected desirable characteristics or which exhibit the desired characteristic(s) when in hybrid combination. Examples of desirable traits may include, in specific embodiments, high seed yield, high seed germination, seedling vigor, high fruit yield, disease tolerance or resistance, and adaptability for soil and climate conditions. Consumer-driven traits, such as a fruit shape, color, texture, and taste are other examples of traits that may be incorporated into new lines of pepper plants developed by this invention.

D. Performance Characteristics

As described above, hybrid PS16364528 exhibits desirable traits, as conferred by pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040. The performance characteristics of hybrid PS16364528 and pepper lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040 were the subject of an objective analysis of the performance traits relative to other varieties. The results of the analysis are presented below.

TABLE 4 Performance Characteristics for Hybrid PS16364528 and Comparative varieties Plt Plt Fruit Fruit Fruit Green Date Variety Maturity Height Unif Cover Set Shape Size Color Jun. 25, 2010 Baron 4 5 3 4 4 5 5 4 Jun. 25, 2010 Double Up 3 5 3 3 3 5 4 5 Jun. 25, 2010 4528 4 4 5 3 3 4 4 4 Jun. 25, 2010 4674 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 5 Jul. 1, 2010 Baron 4 5 3 4 5 5 5 5 Jul. 1, 2010 Double Up 3 5 3 3 4 4 4 5 Jul. 1, 2010 4528 3 4 5 3 3 4 4 5 Jul. 1, 2010 4674 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 Jul. 15, 2010 Baron 5 4 3 3 4 5 5 5 Jul. 15, 2010 Double Up 4 3 4 3 3 5 4 4 Jul. 15, 2010 4528 2 5 3 4 3 3 4 2 Jul. 15, 2010 4674 4 5 3 4 3 4 2 3 Aug. 1, 2010 Baron 5 4 3 4 5 4 4 4 Aug. 1, 2010 Double Up 4 4 4 3 3 6 3 4 Aug. 1, 2010 4528 2 4 3 4 3 4 5 2 Aug. 1, 2010 4674 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 Aug. 25, 2010 Baron 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 Aug. 25, 2010 Double Up 4 5 4 4 4 5 3 5 Aug. 25, 2010 4528 3 5 3 4 3 4 4 3 Aug. 25, 2010 4674 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 Sep. 17, 2010 Baron 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 5 Sep. 17, 2010 Double Up 4 5 4 4 3 5 4 4 Sep. 17, 2010 4528 3 4 4 4 3 3 5 3 Sep. 17, 2010 4674 4 4 4 5 3 3 4 4 Avg # of Fruit Smooth- Fruit Over KG from Date Variety Lobes Uniformity ness Firmness All 10 plants Jun. 25, 2010 Baron 4 4 4 4 4 12.4 Jun. 25, 2010 Double Up 4 5 4 4 5 13.2 Jun. 25, 2010 4528 4 4 4 4 4 14.1 Jun. 25, 2010 4674 4 4 3 3 4 13.8 Jul. 1, 2010 Baron 4 4 4 4 5 10.1 Jul. 1, 2010 Double Up 4 5 4 4 4 12.4 Jul. 1, 2010 4528 4 4 3 4 4 12.8 Jul. 1, 2010 4674 4 4 3 3 3 13.5 Jul. 15, 2010 Baron 4 4 4 5 5 13.4 Jul. 15, 2010 Double Up 4 5 4 4 4 13.1 Jul. 15, 2010 4528 4 4 4 3 2 14.1 Jul. 15, 2010 4674 4 3 3 3 3 13.9 Aug. 1, 2010 Baron 4 4 4 4 4 10.8 Aug. 1, 2010 Double Up 4 5 4 4 5 13.6 Aug. 1, 2010 4528 4 3 3 3 3 13.8 Aug. 1, 2010 4674 4 3 4 3 4 12.8 Aug. 25, 2010 Baron 4 4 4 4 5 12.2 Aug. 25, 2010 Double Up 4 5 5 4 5 12.9 Aug. 25, 2010 4528 4 3 3 3 4 13.9 Aug. 25, 2010 4674 4 4 4 3 4 13 Sep. 17, 2010 Baron 4 4 4 4 4 11.9 Sep. 17, 2010 Double Up 4 4 5 4 4 13.5 Sep. 17, 2010 4528 4 4 4 3 3 14.2 Sep. 17, 2010 4674 4 4 3 2 3 13.4

E. Further Embodiments of the Invention

In certain aspects of the invention, plants described herein are provided modified to include at least a first desired heritable trait. Such plants may, in one embodiment, be developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a variety are recovered in addition to a genetic locus transferred into the plant via the backcrossing technique. The term single locus converted plant as used herein refers to those pepper plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a variety are recovered in addition to the single locus transferred into the variety via the backcrossing technique. By essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics, it is meant that the characteristics of a plant are recovered that are otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than an occasional variant trait that might arise during backcrossing or direct introduction of a transgene.

Backcrossing methods can be used with the present invention to improve or introduce a characteristic into the present variety. The parental pepper plant which contributes the locus for the desired characteristic is termed the nonrecurrent or donor parent. This terminology refers to the fact that the nonrecurrent parent is used one time in the backcross protocol and therefore does not recur. The parental pepper plant to which the locus or loci from the nonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the recurrent parent as it is used for several rounds in the backcrossing protocol.

In a typical backcross protocol, the original variety of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to a second variety (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the single locus of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until a pepper plant is obtained wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant, in addition to the single transferred locus from the nonrecurrent parent.

The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for a successful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol is to alter or substitute a single trait or characteristic in the original variety. To accomplish this, a single locus of the recurrent variety is modified or substituted with the desired locus from the nonrecurrent parent, while retaining essentially all of the rest of the desired genetic, and therefore the desired physiological and morphological constitution of the original variety. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend on the purpose of the backcross; one of the major purposes is to add some commercially desirable trait to the plant. The exact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic or trait being altered and the genetic distance between the recurrent and nonrecurrent parents. Although backcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic being transferred is a dominant allele, a recessive allele, or an additive allele (between recessive and dominant), may also be transferred. In this instance it may be necessary to introduce a test of the progeny to determine if the desired characteristic has been successfully transferred.

In one embodiment, progeny pepper plants of a backcross in which a plant described herein is the recurrent parent comprise (i) the desired trait from the non-recurrent parent and (ii) all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of pepper the recurrent parent as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions.

New varieties can also be developed from more than two parents. The technique, known as modified backcrossing, uses different recurrent parents during the backcrossing. Modified backcrossing may be used to replace the original recurrent parent with a variety having certain more desirable characteristics or multiple parents may be used to obtain different desirable characteristics from each.

With the development of molecular markers associated with particular traits, it is possible to add additional traits into an established germ line, such as represented here, with the end result being substantially the same base germplasm with the addition of a new trait or traits. Molecular breeding, as described in Moose and Mumm, 2008 (Plant Physiology, 147: 969-977), for example, and elsewhere, provides a mechanism for integrating single or multiple traits or QTL into an elite line. This molecular breeding-facilitated movement of a trait or traits into an elite line may encompass incorporation of a particular genomic fragment associated with a particular trait of interest into the elite line by the mechanism of identification of the integrated genomic fragment with the use of flanking or associated marker assays. In the embodiment represented here, one, two, three or four genomic loci, for example, may be integrated into an elite line via this methodology. When this elite line containing the additional loci is further crossed with another parental elite line to produce hybrid offspring, it is possible to then incorporate at least eight separate additional loci into the hybrid. These additional loci may confer, for example, such traits as a disease resistance or a fruit quality trait. In one embodiment, each locus may confer a separate trait. In another embodiment, loci may need to be homozygous and exist in each parent line to confer a trait in the hybrid. In yet another embodiment, multiple loci may be combined to confer a single robust phenotype of a desired trait.

Many single locus traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new inbred but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. Single locus traits may or may not be transgenic; examples of these traits include, but are not limited to, herbicide resistance, resistance to bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect resistance, modified fatty acid or carbohydrate metabolism, and altered nutritional quality. These comprise genes generally inherited through the nucleus.

Direct selection may be applied where the single locus acts as a dominant trait. For this selection process, the progeny of the initial cross are assayed for viral resistance and/or the presence of the corresponding gene prior to the backcrossing. Selection eliminates any plants that do not have the desired gene and resistance trait, and only those plants that have the trait are used in the subsequent backcross. This process is then repeated for all additional backcross generations.

Selection of pepper plants for breeding is not necessarily dependent on the phenotype of a plant and instead can be based on genetic investigations. For example, one can utilize a suitable genetic marker which is closely genetically linked to a trait of interest. One of these markers can be used to identify the presence or absence of a trait in the offspring of a particular cross, and can be used in selection of progeny for continued breeding. This technique is commonly referred to as marker assisted selection. Any other type of genetic marker or other assay which is able to identify the relative presence or absence of a trait of interest in a plant can also be useful for breeding purposes. Procedures for marker assisted selection are well known in the art. Such methods will be of particular utility in the case of recessive traits and variable phenotypes, or where conventional assays may be more expensive, time consuming or otherwise disadvantageous. Types of genetic markers which could be used in accordance with the invention include, but are not necessarily limited to, Simple Sequence Length Polymorphisms (SSLPs) (Williams et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 1 8:6531-6535, 1990), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Arbitrary Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) (EP 534 858, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) (Wang et al., Science, 280:1077-1082, 1998).

F. Plants Derived by Genetic Engineering

Many useful traits that can be introduced by backcrossing, as well as directly into a plant, are those which are introduced by genetic transformation techniques. Genetic transformation may therefore be used to insert a selected transgene into a plant of the invention or may, alternatively, be used for the preparation of transgenes which can be introduced by backcrossing. Methods for the transformation of plants that are well known to those of skill in the art and applicable to many crop species include, but are not limited to, electroporation, microprojectile bombardment, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and direct DNA uptake by protoplasts.

To effect transformation by electroporation, one may employ either friable tissues, such as a suspension culture of cells or embryogenic callus or alternatively one may transform immature embryos or other organized tissue directly. In this technique, one would partially degrade the cell walls of the chosen cells by exposing them to pectin-degrading enzymes (pectolyases) or mechanically wound tissues in a controlled manner.

An efficient method for delivering transforming DNA segments to plant cells is microprojectile bombardment. In this method, particles are coated with nucleic acids and delivered into cells by a propelling force. Exemplary particles include those comprised of tungsten, platinum, and preferably, gold. For the bombardment, cells in suspension are concentrated on filters or solid culture medium. Alternatively, immature embryos or other target cells may be arranged on solid culture medium. The cells to be bombarded are positioned at an appropriate distance below the macroprojectile stopping plate.

An illustrative embodiment of a method for delivering DNA into plant cells by acceleration is the Biolistics Particle Delivery System, which can be used to propel particles coated with DNA or cells through a screen, such as a stainless steel or Nytex screen, onto a surface covered with target cells. The screen disperses the particles so that they are not delivered to the recipient cells in large aggregates. Microprojectile bombardment techniques are widely applicable, and may be used to transform virtually any plant species.

Agrobacterium-mediated transfer is another widely applicable system for introducing gene loci into plant cells. An advantage of the technique is that DNA can be introduced into whole plant tissues, thereby bypassing the need for regeneration of an intact plant from a protoplast. Modern Agrobacterium transformation vectors are capable of replication in E. coli as well as Agrobacterium, allowing for convenient manipulations (Klee et al., Bio-Technology, 3(7):637-642, 1985). Moreover, recent technological advances in vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer have improved the arrangement of genes and restriction sites in the vectors to facilitate the construction of vectors capable of expressing various polypeptide coding genes. The vectors described have convenient multi-linker regions flanked by a promoter and a polyadenylation site for direct expression of inserted polypeptide coding genes. Additionally, Agrobacterium containing both armed and disarmed Ti genes can be used for transformation.

In those plant strains where Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is efficient, it is the method of choice because of the facile and defined nature of the gene locus transfer. The use of Agrobacterium-mediated plant integrating vectors to introduce DNA into plant cells is well known in the art (Fraley et al., Bio/Technology, 3:629-635, 1985; U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055).

Transformation of plant protoplasts also can be achieved using methods based on calcium phosphate precipitation, polyethylene glycol treatment, electroporation, and combinations of these treatments (see, e.g., Potrykus et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 199:183-188, 1985; Omirulleh et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 21(3):415-428, 1993; Fromm et al., Nature, 312:791-793, 1986; Uchimiya et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 204:204, 1986; Marcotte et al., Nature, 335:454, 1988). Transformation of plants and expression of foreign genetic elements is exemplified in Choi et al. (Plant Cell Rep., 13: 344-348, 1994), and Ellul et al. (Theor. Appl. Genet., 107:462-469, 2003).

A number of promoters have utility for plant gene expression for any gene of interest including but not limited to selectable markers, scoreable markers, genes for pest tolerance, disease resistance, nutritional enhancements and any other gene of agronomic interest. Examples of constitutive promoters useful for plant gene expression include, but are not limited to, the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) P-35S promoter, which confers constitutive, high-level expression in most plant tissues (see, e.g., Odel et al., Nature, 313:810, 1985), including in monocots (see, e.g., Dekeyser et al., Plant Cell, 2:591, 1990; Terada and Shimamoto, Mol. Gen. Genet., 220:389, 1990); a tandemly duplicated version of the CaMV 35S promoter, the enhanced 35S promoter (P-e35S); 1 the nopaline synthase promoter (An et al., Plant Physiol., 88:547, 1988); the octopine synthase promoter (Fromm et al., Plant Cell, 1:977, 1989); and the figwort mosaic virus (P-FMV) promoter as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,619 and an enhanced version of the FMV promoter (P-eFMV) where the promoter sequence of P-FMV is duplicated in tandem; the cauliflower mosaic virus 19S promoter; a sugarcane bacilliform virus promoter; a commelina yellow mottle virus promoter; and other plant DNA virus promoters known to express in plant cells.

A variety of plant gene promoters that are regulated in response to environmental, hormonal, chemical, and/or developmental signals can also be used for expression of an operably linked gene in plant cells, including promoters regulated by (1) heat (Callis et al., Plant Physiol., 88:965, 1988), (2) light (e.g., pea rbcS-3A promoter, Kuhlemeier et al., Plant Cell, 1:471, 1989; maize rbcS promoter, Schaffner and Sheen, Plant Cell, 3:997, 1991; or chlorophyll a/b-binding protein promoter, Simpson et al., EMBO J., 4:2723, 1985), (3) hormones, such as abscisic acid (Marcotte et al., Plant Cell, 1:969, 1989), (4) wounding (e.g., wunl, Siebertz et al., Plant Cell, 1:961, 1989); or (5) chemicals such as methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, or Safener. It may also be advantageous to employ organ-specific promoters (e.g., Roshal et al., EMBO J., 6:1155, 1987; Schernthaner et al., EMBO J., 7:1249, 1988; Bustos et al., Plant Cell, 1:839, 1989).

Exemplary nucleic acids which may be introduced to plants of this invention include, for example, DNA sequences or genes from another species, or even genes or sequences which originate with or are present in the same species, but are incorporated into recipient cells by genetic engineering methods rather than classical reproduction or breeding techniques. However, the term “exogenous” is also intended to refer to genes that are not normally present in the cell being transformed, or perhaps simply not present in the form, structure, etc., as found in the transforming DNA segment or gene, or genes which are normally present and that one desires to express in a manner that differs from the natural expression pattern, e.g., to over-express. Thus, the term “exogenous” gene or DNA is intended to refer to any gene or DNA segment that is introduced into a recipient cell, regardless of whether a similar gene may already be present in such a cell. The type of DNA included in the exogenous DNA can include DNA which is already present in the plant cell, DNA from another plant, DNA from a different organism, or a DNA generated externally, such as a DNA sequence containing an antisense message of a gene, or a DNA sequence encoding a synthetic or modified version of a gene.

Many hundreds if not thousands of different genes are known and could potentially be introduced into a pepper plant according to the invention. Non-limiting examples of particular genes and corresponding phenotypes one may choose to introduce into a pepper plant include one or more genes for insect tolerance, such as a Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) gene, pest tolerance such as genes for fungal disease control, herbicide tolerance such as genes conferring glyphosate tolerance, and genes for quality improvements such as yield, nutritional enhancements, environmental or stress tolerances, or any desirable changes in plant physiology, growth, development, morphology or plant product(s). For example, structural genes would include any gene that confers insect tolerance including but not limited to a Bacillus insect control protein gene as described in WO 99/31248, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,052, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,500,365 and 5,880,275, herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. In another embodiment, the structural gene can confer tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate as conferred by genes including, but not limited to Agrobacterium strain CP4 glyphosate resistant EPSPS gene (aroA:CP4) as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,435, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, or glyphosate oxidoreductase gene (GOX) as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,175, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Alternatively, the DNA coding sequences can affect these phenotypes by encoding a non-translatable RNA molecule that causes the targeted inhibition of expression of an endogenous gene, for example via antisense- or cosuppression-mediated mechanisms (see, for example, Bird et al., Biotech. Gen. Engin. Rev., 9:207, 1991). The RNA could also be a catalytic RNA molecule (i.e., a ribozyme) engineered to cleave a desired endogenous mRNA product (see for example, Gibson and Shillito, Mol. Biotech., 7:125, 1997). Thus, any gene which produces a protein or mRNA which expresses a phenotype or morphology change of interest is useful for the practice of the present invention.

G. Definitions

In the description and tables herein, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, the following definitions are provided:

Allele: Any of one or more alternative forms of a gene locus, all of which alleles relate to one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.

Backcrossing: A process in which a breeder repeatedly crosses hybrid progeny, for example a first generation hybrid (F₁), back to one of the parents of the hybrid progeny. Backcrossing can be used to introduce one or more single locus conversions from one genetic background into another.

Crossing: The mating of two parent plants.

Cross-pollination: Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants.

Diploid: A cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes.

Emasculate: The removal of plant male sex organs or the inactivation of the organs with a cytoplasmic or nuclear genetic factor or a chemical agent conferring male sterility.

Enzymes: Molecules which can act as catalysts in biological reactions.

F₁ Hybrid: The first generation progeny of the cross of two nonisogenic plants.

Genotype: The genetic constitution of a cell or organism.

Haploid: A cell or organism having one set of the two sets of chromosomes in a diploid.

Linkage: A phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome tend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if their transmission was independent.

Marker: A readily detectable phenotype, preferably inherited in codominant fashion (both alleles at a locus in a diploid heterozygote are readily detectable), with no environmental variance component, i.e., heritability of 1.

Phenotype: The detectable characteristics of a cell or organism, which characteristics are the manifestation of gene expression.

Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL): Quantitative trait loci (QTL) refer to genetic loci that control to some degree numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed.

Resistance: As used herein, the terms “resistance” and “tolerance” are used interchangeably to describe plants that show no symptoms to a specified biotic pest, pathogen, abiotic influence or environmental condition. These terms are also used to describe plants showing some symptoms but that are still able to produce marketable product with an acceptable yield. Some plants that are referred to as resistant or tolerant are only so in the sense that they may still produce a crop, even though the plants are stunted and the yield is reduced.

Regeneration: The development of a plant from tissue culture.

Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) color chart value: The RHS color chart is a standardized reference which allows accurate identification of any color. A color's designation on the chart describes its hue, brightness and saturation. A color is precisely named by the RHS color chart by identifying the group name, sheet number and letter, e.g., Yellow-Orange Group 19A or Red Group 41B.

Self-pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same plant.

Single Locus Converted (Conversion) Plant: Plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a pepper variety are recovered in addition to the characteristics of the single locus transferred into the variety via the backcrossing technique and/or by genetic transformation.

Substantially Equivalent: A characteristic that, when compared, does not show a statistically significant difference (e.g., p=0.05) from the mean.

Tissue Culture: A composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant.

Transgene: A genetic locus comprising a sequence which has been introduced into the genome of a pepper plant by transformation.

H. Deposit Information

A deposit of pepper hybrid PS16364528 and inbred parent lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040, disclosed above and recited in the claims, has been made with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, Va. 20110-2209. The date of deposit was Oct. 21, 2011. The accession numbers for those deposited seeds of pepper hybrid PS16364528 and inbred parent lines SBR163-5039 and SBY163-5040 are ATCC Accession No. PTA-12188, ATCC Accession No. PTA-12189, and ATCC Accession No. PTA-12190, respectively. Upon issuance of a patent, all restrictions upon the deposits will be removed, and the deposits are intended to meet all of the requirements of 37 C.F.R. §1.801-1.809. The deposits will be maintained in the depository for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the last request, or for the effective life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if necessary during that period.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention, as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

All references cited herein are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A pepper plant comprising at least a first set of the chromosomes of pepper line SBR163-5039 or pepper line SBY163-5040, a sample of seed of said lines having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-12189 and ATCC Accession Number PTA-12190, respectively.
 2. A seed comprising at least a first set of the chromosomes of pepper line SBR163-5039 or pepper line SBY163-5040, a sample of seed of said lines having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-12189 and ATCC Accession Number PTA-12190, respectively.
 3. The plant of claim 1, which is inbred.
 4. The plant of claim 1, which is hybrid.
 5. The seed of claim 2, which is inbred.
 6. The seed of claim 2, which is hybrid.
 7. The plant of claim 4, wherein the hybrid plant is pepper hybrid PS16364528, a sample of seed of said hybrid PS16364528 having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-12188.
 8. The seed of claim 6, defined as a seed of pepper hybrid PS16364528, a sample of seed of said hybrid PS16364528 having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-12188.
 9. The seed of claim 2, defined as a seed of line SBR163-5039 or line SBY163-5040.
 10. A plant part of the plant of claim
 1. 11. The plant part of claim 10, further defined as a leaf, a ovule, pollen, a fruit, or a cell.
 12. A pepper plant having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the pepper plant of claim
 7. 13. A tissue culture of regenerable cells of the plant of claim
 1. 14. The tissue culture according to claim 13, comprising cells or protoplasts from a plant part selected from the group consisting of embryos, meristems, cotyledons, pollen, leaves, anthers, roots, root tips, pistil, flower, seed and stalks.
 15. A pepper plant regenerated from the tissue culture of claim
 13. 16. A method of vegetatively propagating the plant of claim 1 comprising the steps of: (a) collecting tissue capable of being propagated from a plant according to claim 1; (b) cultivating said tissue to obtain proliferated shoots; and (c) rooting said proliferated shoots to obtain rooted plantlets.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising growing at least a first plant from said rooted plantlets.
 18. A method of introducing a desired trait into a pepper line comprising: (a) crossing a plant of line SBR163-5039 or SBY163-5040 with a second pepper plant that comprises a desired trait to produce F1 progeny, a sample of seed of said lines having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-12189, and ATCC Accession Number PTA-12190, respectively; (b) selecting an F1 progeny that comprises the desired trait; (c) backcrossing the selected F1 progeny with a plant of line SBR163-5039 or SBY163-5040 to produce backcross progeny; (d) selecting backcross progeny comprising the desired trait and the physiological and morphological characteristic of pepper line SBR163-5039 or SBY163-5040; and (e) repeating steps (c) and (d) three or more times to produce selected fourth or higher backcross progeny that comprise the desired trait.
 19. A pepper plant produced by the method of claim
 18. 20. A method of producing a plant comprising an added trait, the method comprising introducing a transgene conferring the trait into a plant of hybrid PS16364528, line SBR163-5039 or line SBY163-5040, a sample of seed of said hybrid and lines having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-12188, ATCC Accession Number PTA-12189, and ATCC Accession Number PTA-12190, respectively.
 21. A plant produced by the method of claim
 20. 22. The plant of claim 1, comprising a transgene.
 23. The plant of claim 22, wherein the transgene confers a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, environmental stress tolerance, modified carbohydrate metabolism and modified protein metabolism.
 24. The plant of claim 1, comprising a single locus conversion.
 25. The plant of claim 24, wherein the single locus conversion confers a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, environmental stress tolerance, modified carbohydrate metabolism and modified protein metabolism.
 26. A method for producing a seed of a plant derived from at least one of hybrid PS16364528, line SBR163-5039 or line SBY163-5040 comprising the steps of: (a) crossing a pepper plant of hybrid PS16364528, line SBR163-5039 or line SBY163-5040 with itself or a second pepper plant; a sample of seed of said hybrid and lines having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-12188, ATCC Accession Number PTA-12189, and ATCC Accession Number PTA-12190, respectively; and (b) allowing seed of a hybrid PS16364528, line SBR163-5039 or line SBY163-5040-derived pepper plant to form.
 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising the steps of: (c) selfing a plant grown from said hybrid PS16364528, SBR163-5039 or SBY163-5040-derived pepper seed to yield additional hybrid PS16364528, line SBR163-5039 or line SBY163-5040-derived pepper seed; (d) growing said additional hybrid PS16364528, line SBR163-5039 or line SBY163-5040-derived pepper seed of step (c) to yield additional hybrid PS16364528, line SBR163-5039 or line SBY163-5040-derived pepper plants; and (e) repeating the crossing and growing steps of (c) and (d) to generate at least a first further hybrid PS16364528, line SBR163-5039 or line SBY163-5040-derived pepper plant.
 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the second pepper plant is of an inbred pepper line.
 29. The method of claim 26, comprising crossing line SBR163-5039 with line SBY163-5040, a sample of seed of said lines having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-12189, and ATCC Accession Number PTA-12190, respectively.
 30. The method of claim 27, further comprising: (f) crossing the further hybrid PS16364528, SBR163-5039 or SBY163-5040-derived pepper plant with a second pepper plant to produce seed of a hybrid progeny plant.
 31. A plant part of the plant of claim
 7. 32. The plant part of claim 31, further defined as a leaf, a flower, a fruit, an ovule, pollen, or a cell.
 33. A method of producing a pepper seed comprising crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or a second pepper plant and allowing seed to form.
 34. A method of producing a pepper fruit comprising: (a) obtaining a plant according to claim 1, wherein the plant has been cultivated to maturity; and (b) collecting a pepper from the plant. 